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（Ｓ：主語 Ｖ：動詞 Ｃ：補語 Ｏ：目的語）
１，Ｓ Ｖ
２，Ｓ Ｖ Ｃ
３，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ
４，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｏ
５，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ
「～である」と訳す 状態動詞 （ｂｅ動詞 etc.）
「～する」と訳す 動作動詞 （ｄｏ etc.）
両方の意味をかね合わせた 状態・動作動詞 （ｈａｖｅ etc.）
の、大きく３種類に分けられる。
・「状態動詞」
・一般的：
belong （属している）、consist
（成り立っている）
contain （含んでいる）、possess
（所有している）
differ （異なっている）、resemble
（似ている）
・好悪、希望：
like , love , hate , hope , want , wish
・心理作用：
know , think , believe , suppose （想像する）、understand
, forget , remember
・「動作動詞」・・・一番多い種類
・「状態・動作動詞」
・知覚動詞：
see , here , smell （匂いがする）
時制
現在形･現在進行形･過去形･過去進行形･未来形
Ｗｉｌｌ/Ｓｈａｌｌの用法･未来を表す他の用法･未来進行形
§１，現在形（Present
Tense）
This chair is very comfortable.
She has three children and loves them very much.
I usually bring my lunch from home.
We work in Chicago ; we buy and sell cars.
＜度々繰り返される現在の動作＞
always , all the time constantly等の副詞
→「困ったものだ」という話し手の「非難」「軽べつ」
「迷惑」等の気持ちを含むことが多い。
§２，現在進行形（Present
Progressive）
＜ｂｅ ～ｉｎｇ＞
Look at that! The baby is walking.
My trousers are getting too small around the waist.
近い未来の予定も現在進行形を使う
We are moving into our new house next week.
§３，過去形（Past
Tense）
He was here a minute ago.
My father came home very late last night.
She studied oil painting while she was in Paris.
＜時制の一致＞
I think it is a good idea. （現在形）
I thought it was a good idea. （過去形）
§４，過去進行形（Past
Progressive）
＜ｂｅ ～ｉｎｇ＞
The car was empty, but the engine was running.
He fell asleep while he was studying his grammar book.
＜時制の一致＞
I don't understand what he is saying.（現在進行形）
I didn't understand what he was saying.（過去進行形）
§５，未来形（Future
Tense）
①単純未来<will>
I'll be seventeen on my next birthday.
He won't be home until seven this evening.
Will you be free tomorrow afternoon?
②意志未来
I'll lend you the book if you need it.
I'm telling them to step fighting, but they won't.
相手の意志を尋ねる文
Will you have some more ice cream?
Shall I carry your bag?
§６，Ｗｉｌｌ、Ｓｈａｌｌの他用法
<Will>
①現在の推量
②現在の習慣的行為又は、習性
A lion will attack a man only when it is hungry.
<Shall>・・・古風的で現在では滅多に使われない
①話し手の意志
（相手が小さい子供等以外は大変失礼な口調になる）
If you are a good boy, you shall a nice cake.
②法律・規則などの文語
Girl students shall not stay out after ten o'clock.
§７，未来を表す他の用法
＜ｂｅ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｔｏ～＞
The sky is clouded over; it's going to rain.
What are you going to be when you grow up?
＜現在形＞・・・確実な未来を表す時
Your plane takes off the ten tonight.
Professor White retires next year.
＜ｂｅ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｏ～＞と＜ｂｅ ｔｏ＞
前者は「まさに、～しようとしている」
後者は「予定・計画」
We are about to start the lesson; you arrived just in time.
We are to meet at my house after school.
§８，未来進行形（Future
Progressive）
At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Pacific Ocean.
Don't phone him yet,―he'll still be working.
完了形
現在完了･現在完了進行形･過去完了･過去完了進行形
未来完了･未来完了進行形
§９，現在完了（Present
Perfect）
＜ｈａｖｅ＋Ｐ,Ｐ,＞
I have finished my homework.
I have seen this film before.
She has been sick since last week.
Please wait until I have finished myself.
＜ｂｅ＋Ｐ,Ｐ,＞･･･古風的な言い方
I'm not finished eating yet.
The quests are all arrived.
§１０，現在完了進行形（Present
Perfect Progressive）
＜ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ～ｉｎｇ＞
In has been blowing hard since last night.
I've been working in the garden all day.
§１１，過去完了（Past
Perfect）
＜ｈａｄ＋Ｐ,Ｐ,＞
When we arrived at the stadium, the game had already
started.
When we went to her house, her mother said that she had
gone shopping a few minute before.
→直接話法
His mother said "she went shopping a few minute ago."
＜ｂｅｆｏｒｅとａｇｏ＞
～ｂｅｆｏｒｅ～
「動作の時点から～前」
～ａｇｏ～
「発話の時点から～前」
§１２，過去完了進行形（Past
Perfect Progressive）
＜ｈａｄ＋ｂｅｅｎ ～ｉｎｇ＞
When she turning up, I had been waiting for two hours.
Her eyes were red. Apparently she had been crying.
§１３，未来完了（Future
Perfect）
＜ｗｉｌｌ ｈａｖｅ P､P､＞
I hope I'll have read this book by next Tuesday.
§１４，未来完了進行形（Future
Perfect Progressive）
＜ｗｉｌｌ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ～ｉｎｇ＞
（今では滅多に使われていない）
It will have been snowing a week if it doesn't stop tonight.
受動態
受動態･｢自動詞＋前置詞｣の受動態･知覚･使役動詞の受動態･受動態に関する注意
§１５，受動態（Passive
Voice）
(ｺﾗﾑ 能動態は Active
Voice と言う。)
＜ｂｅ＋P,P,＞
The dog was called Spotty by the children.
§１６，「自動詞＋前置詞」の受動態
① look after
② talk about
③ look up to
④ speak to
⑤ run over
⑥ put off
⑦ laugh at ,,,etc.
§１７，知覚・使役動詞の受動態
see, hear, feel, make, smell
,,,etc. → 能動態になるのに to が必要
I saw her walk out of the street.
She was seen to walk out of the street.
§１８，受動態に関する注意
①＜ｇｅｔ＋P,P,＞→受動態の意味
（この構文は Ｓ
に対して好ましくないことを示すことが多い！）
Peter get scolded for being lazy.
Be careful! You may get bitten by a snake.
The game was very close, so we all got excited.
②＜Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ／Ｔｈｅｙ ｓａｙ・・・＞
（書き換え問題に注意）
People say (that) he is a rich man.
It is said that he is a rich man.
He is said to be a rich man.
③＜ｂｅ ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅｄ＞etc.、、、。
日本語では能動態の意味でも、英語では受動態として表す用法。
（１）感情表現
ｂｅ ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅｄ
ｂｅ ｅｘｃｉｔｅｄ
ｂｅ ａｓｔｏｎｉｓｈｅｄ
ｂｅ ｆｒｉｇｈｔｅｎｅｄ
ｂｅ ｄｅｌｉｇｈｔｅｄ
ｂｅ ｐｌｅａｓｅｄ
ｂｅ ｄｉｓａｐｐｏｉｎｔｅｄ
ｂｅ ｓａｔｉｓｆｉｅｄ
（２）被害表現
ｂｅ ｋｉｌｌｅｄ
ｂｅ ｉｎｊｕｒｅｄ
ｂｅ ｈｕｒｔ
ｂｅ ｗｏｕｎｄｅｄ
④＜ｈａｖｅ＋Ｏ（物）＋P,P,＞
一種の受け身として見なす。
I had my bicycle storm.
Cf, My bicycle was storm.
助動詞
Ｃａｎ･Ｃｏｕｌｄ･Ｍａｙ･Ｍｉｇｈｔ･Ｍｕｓｔ･Ｎｅｅｄ･Ｄａｒｅ
Ｏｕｇｈｔ ｔｏ･Ｓｈｏｕｌｄ･Ｗｏｕｌｄ･Ｕｓｅｄ
ｔｏ
§１９，Ｃａｎ
①能力・可能
You can skate, can't you?
We can skate on the lake today.
②可能性
That can't be a postman. ---- it's only seven o'clock.
③「ｃａｎｎｏｔ 完了形」
He can't have missed his way. ----he's been here several
times.
You can't be hungry. You're just had dinner.
④許可
Can I speak to you a minute?
§２０，Ｃｏｕｌｄ
①ｃａｎの過去形
§１９に対する過去
②＜Ｃｏｕｌｄ ｙｏｕ／Ｉ・・・？＞
人に頼んだり、許可を求めたりする時に使う。
「もしよろしければ」というニュアンスが含まれている。
仮定法過去の用法の一種でもある。
☆「Ｃｏｕｌｄ」と「was/were ａｂｌｅ ｔｏ」☆
「ｃｏｕｌｄ」は「能力／可能性」のみを表現
「was/were ａｂｌｅ
ｔｏ」は「能力／可能性＋実行」を表現する。
したがって、実際に行われた動作には「was/were
able to」しか使えない。
I was able to borrow an umbrella, so I didn't get wet.＜could
不可＞
§２１，Ｍａｙ
①許可
May I switch the television on?
----Yes, you may.・・・威張った感じ
----Of course, you can,・・・対等な許可
----No, you may not.・・・軽い禁止
----No, you must not.・・・強い禁止
②推量
＜Ｍａｙ＋完了形＞「～したかもしれない」
It's getting cloudy. It may rain in the afternoon.
③祈願・願望
＜Ｍａｙ＋Ｓ,V＞
May you both be happy!
（感嘆符などを付ける場合が多い）
④～する方がいい、～した方がましだ
＜ｍａｙ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ 原形＞
＜ｍａｙ ｗｅｌｌ 原形＞
You may as well begin at once.
He may well be proud of his skin as a cook.
§２２，Ｍｉｇｈｔ
①許可＜非常に遠慮した許可＞
Might I switch the television on?
----Yes, you may.
（答えは「May I ~?」の時と同じ！）
②推量
＜ｍｉｇｈｔ＋完了形＞
＜ｍａｙ＋完了形＞よりもやや疑いの気持ちが強い
You are lucky. You might have had a serious accident.
§２３，Ｍｕｓｔ
①義務・命令
If I tell you this, you must keep it a secret.
②推定「～に違いない」（⇔「～のはずがない」ｃａｎｎｏｔ）
You must be tired after your long walk.
§２４，Ｎｅｅｄ
＜ｎｅｅｄ ｎｏｔ＞
「～する必要が無かった」（実際は～した。）
We needn't have harried.
---- Now we are too early.
§２５，Ｄａｒｅ
He dare not jump down from the top of that
wall.
§２６，Ｏｕｇｈｔ ｔｏ
①義務・望ましさ「～するべきである」≒should
There ought to b more copies of this book in the
library.
②当然の推量「～するはずである」
If he left home at nine, he ought to be here any minute
now.
＜ｏｕｇｈｔ ｔｏ＋完了形＞
「～するべきだったのに」（実際は～しなかった。）
The game is over. You ought to have come a little earlier.
§２７，Ｓｈｏｕｌｄ
①義務・望ましさ ≒ｏｕｇｈｔ ｔｏ
She should be frank with your friends.
②当然の推量 ≒ｏｕｇｈｔ ｔｏ
If they are coming by bus, they should arrive bout six.
③驚き・意外さ
It is strange that we should meet here.
④仮定法現在→Ｓｈｏｕｌｄの省略→日本語に訳出しない
(1) 主に必要・重要・正当を表す形容詞
necessary, important, proper, natural, essential（肝要な）
It's necessary that he (should) take more exercise.
(2)主に提案・勧告・主張を表す動詞
suggest, propose（提案する）, advise, demand,
recommend, insist
He suggested that speeches (should) be brief.
§２８，Ｗｏｕｌｄ
①依頼・＜ｗｏｕｌｄ ｙｏｕ～？＞
Would you please slow down? I can't walk so fast.
②願望＜ｗｏｕｌｄ ｌｉｋｅ ｔｏ～＞
I would like to eat dinner earlier than usual tonight.
③過去の習慣（直説法過去）
They would after pend the whole evening listening to
records.
④過去の強い意志
「どうしても～しようとした／しなかった」
I asked Peter to tell me the secret, but he wouldn't.
§２９，Ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ（現在との対比）
①過去の状態
「以前は～であったが、（今は～ない）」
There used to be two kindergartens in the town. (but
now, there's only one.)
②過去の習慣的動作
「以前はよく～したものだったが、（今は～しない）」
She doesn't play tennis as well as she used to.
③過去の思い出話 ≒would
When we were children, we used to / would go camping
every summer.
仮定法
単なる条件･仮定法過去･仮定法過去完了･仮定法を含む慣用表現
ｉｆ－節に相当する語句･Ｉｆ－節が表面に出ない場合
§３０，単なる条件
If you know the
answer, please tell me.
If he is late, we'll go without him.
§３１，仮定法過去
＜Ｉｆ＋Ｓ＋動詞の過去／were～、Ｓ’＋助動詞の過去＋原形～＞
①現在の事実と反対の仮定
If I were a bird, I would
fly to you.
If I were you, I would accept the
offer.
②現在又は未来についての単なる仮定
What would you do if
this building caught fire?
（↑「そういうことはまずありえないが、」というニュアンスをふくんでいる。）
If I were to propose, would you
accept?
（↑単なる仮定）
③現在の事実と反対の願望
I wish I could swim well.
If only Clara would marry me!
④Ｉｔ’ｓ ｔｉｍｅ ＋仮定法過去
Ten o'clock --- it's time
you went to bed, children.
It's about time you had a haircut.
§３２，仮定法過去完了
＜Ｉｆ＋Ｓ＋ｈａｄ P.P.～、Ｓ＋助動詞の過去＋ｈａｖｅ P.P.～＞
①過去の事実に反対の仮定
If I had known you were
ill, I would have visited you.
②過去の事実に対する反対の願望
I wish you had told me
before.
If only she had asked someone's
advice!
§３３，仮定法を含む慣用表現
①If
it were not for ~ 「もし～がなければ」
If it had not
been for ~ 「もし～がなかったら」
If it were not for water,
no plant could grow.
If it had not been for the traffic
jam, we would have been home before eight o'clock.
②ｂｕｔ ｆｏｒ～
But for music, the world
would be a dull place.
③ａｓ ｉｆ、ａｓ ｔｈｏｕｇｈ「まるで～のように」
He speaks English as if he
were an American.
I felt as though I were floating on
a cloud.
（It seems ～ / It looks ～ に続くことが多い
ａｓ ｉｆ～は仮定法でない場合が多い)
§３４，ｉｆ－節に相当する語句
①ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ「さもなければ」
I have an appointment at
three, otherwise I would stay longer.
②ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ、ｗｉｔｈ
Without his tail, a dog
would look very funny.
③その他
I think that picture would
like better
on the wall.(= if it were hung on
the wall.)
Your idea is good, but it wouldn't
work in practices.
Ten years ago, we could have bought
it a lot cheaper.
④主語
A wise mother would have
understood her daughter better.
(= If she had been a wise mother,
she would have understood her daughter better.)
⑤Ｉｆの省略（文語体のみ）
Were I you, I would agree
with them.
Had I seen it with my own eyes, I
would have believed it.
§３５，Ｉｆ－節が表面に出ない場合
①前後関係からわかる場合
I could have lent you the
money. Why didn't you ask me?
Perhaps I should have taken the
other read.
It might have been quicker.
②表現を控えめにする場合
ｃｏｕｌｄには「もしかすると」という仮定法のＩｆ－節に相当する
気持ちが言外に含まれていて、控えめな表現になる。
→「もしよろしければ」と言う気持ちの丁寧な文になる。
His story could be true, but I
hardly think it is.
長文でためしてみよう!
動詞･未来形･完了形･受動態･助動詞･仮定法
＜動詞＞
Do you know there is no Gate 13 at most of
the airports through out
the world? Thirteen is an unlucky number. There may be no Room 13
in
hospitals in the United States. Why do American avoid the number
13?
＜未来形＞
Children these days do not understand the
real value of Christmas.
All they talk about is how many presents they are going to get.
None of them is aware of the sacrifices parents have made to make
their Christmas a pleasant one.
＜完了形＞
June, our daughter, died on June 25. She
wanted no funeral,
but asked that we should instead give a partly in the garden,
to make up for the 25th birthday party she had missed because she
was in the hospital. It was a beautiful days. All her friends
came,
and the doctor and the nurses, and all the people who had helped
during her illness. We made more friends during those few month
than
we had made for years.
＜受動態＞
（ ）の語を主語にして英訳せよ。
①駅は週末のスキーヤーで混雑していました。（ｔｈｅ ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ）
②彼らは風でテントを吹き飛ばされた。（ｔｈｅｙ）
③この木は樹齢３００年と言われている。（ｔｈｉｓ ｔｒｅｅ）
④彼は友達みんなに批評があった。（ｈｅ）
⑤私はもっと野菜を食べるようにとお医者さんに言われた。（Ｉ）
＜助動詞＞
I am one of those unfortunate people who have
an extremely poor
sense of direction and I may have visited a place time after
time,
but I still manage to get lost on my way there.
＜仮定法＞
In a great many cities, hundreds of people
ride bicycles to work
every day. In New York City, some bike riders have even formed a
group called "Bike for a Better City." They claim that
if more people
rode bicycles to work there would be fewer automobiles in the
downtown
section of the city and therefore less dirty air from car
engines.
不定詞